The History of Lake District Hill Lists.
Many people believe that the pastime of ‘Hill Bagging’ is a relatively recent phenomenon, not so, it dates back to the earliest Hill Lists of the Scottish Munros in 1891 and the Corbett Twenty Fives for England & Wales in 1911.
In fact Corbett starts his article within the Rucksack Club
Journal of 1911 introducing the very first bagging list for England & Wales
with: ‘During the last few years there has arisen among some of the members of
the Rucksack Club a new craze or hobby, which may be looked upon as a special
form of the old passion of “peak-bagging” which has long being known to
mountaineers’
The first Hill Lists were generally published in Climbing
Club journals such as The Scottish
Mountaineering Club Journal, The
Rucksack Club Journal, The Journal of the Fell and Rock Climbing Club of the
English Lake District and Wayfarer's Journal.
The English Lake District being by far and away the most visited
National Park has more books written about it and guides published than any
other region of the UK. As a result there are far more Hill Lists dedicated to
the Lake District than any other region.
This paper seeks to chronicle the development of Hill Lists in the
Lake District over the course of the last century or so. Many other Lists
include Lake District hills and mountains but this paper will focus on lists
dedicated to the geographic area of the Lake District or including books
forming part of a series with a dedicated Lake District book.
The history of Lake District Hill Lists begins with: -
Baddeley -
1880
Mountford John Byrde Baddeley (1843–1906) was a distinguished English guidebook writer of the late 19th and early 20th century. His guides appeared in the 'Thorough Guide' series, edited by Baddeley and his colleague, Charles Slegg Ward, and included guides to various parts of the UK. Each guide included "maps by Bartholomew" and were published by Dulac & Co, London.
The guidebook was largely
text-based, with maps by John Bartholomew. Compared with later authors,
Baddeley's guide was more general, giving motoring and accommodation advice and
low-level walks as well as outline guides to walks on the fells.
Within the introductory section of
the guidebook amongst lists of Lakes (16 in total), Height of Passes and
Heights of Waterfalls is a list of 44 Mountains in the Lake District ranging
from Scafell Pike at 3,210ft to Loughrigg at 1,101ft.
Blencathra is listed as Saddleback
and The Old Man of Coniston by it’s original name of Old Man. Interestingly
Black Combe is listed within the 44 yet Wainwright relegated it to an Outlying
Fell.
Baddeley was born in Rocester,
Staffordshire in 1843, the son of a solicitor. He was educated at King Edwards
School, Birmingham and Clare College, Cambridge. He then worked as a classics
master at Somersetshire College, Bath and Sheffield Grammar School (1880-1884)
before retiring from teaching and moving to the Lake District, first to
Windermere and then Bowness-on-Windermere. As well as writing guide books, he
was an active member of the Lake District Association.
Baddeley is commemorated by the
'Baddeley clock' on the border between Windermere and Bowness.
Graham – 1932
The Bob Graham Round is strictly a fell
running challenge in the English Lake District. It is named after Bob Graham
(1889–1966), a Keswick guest-house owner, who in June 1932 broke the Lakeland
Fell record by traversing 42 fells within a 24-hour period. Traversing the 42
fells, starting and finishing at Keswick Moot Hall, involves 66 miles (106 km)
with 26,900 feet (8,200 m) of ascent.
The original challenge was to bag the greatest number of
summits within a 24 hour period which remains The Lakeland 24 hour record but
the Bob Graham Round is now a set list with Fastest Known Times.
The development of progressively lengthier and more competitive
rounds of the Lakeland fells was in the fell-walking section of M. J. B.
Baddeley's Lakeland guidebook editions.
The Round was first repeated, in a better time, in 1960 by
Alan Heaton. Since then over 2000 individuals have completed the Round with the
fastest time being 12hr 52m set by Kilian Jornet in 2018, surpassing by more
than a hour, Billy Bland's record which had stood for 36 years. The women's
record is 15hr 24m set by Jasmin Paris in 2016.
The Lakeland 24 Hour record has also been improved with the
current holder, Mark Hartell, successfully reaching 77 summits in the allotted
time.
Bob Graham's original round included four tops that are not
in what is now called the Bob Graham Round. These were:
·
High White Stones (north of High Raise)
·
Hanging Knotts (a subsidiary summit of Bowfell)
·
Looking Stead (on the ridge between Pillar and
Black Sail Pass)
·
High Snab Bank (on the ridge to the north of
Robinson)
Alan Heaton replaced these with:
·
White Side
·
Helvellyn Lower Man
·
Ill Crag
·
Broad Crag
Whilst we are on the Bob Graham Round it would be remiss not
to mention the double round Fastest Known Time. A double round is two rounds
(132 miles and 54,000 feet of climbing) on consecutive days. This has been
achieved four times with the record held by Nicky Spinks at 45:30 in May 2016.
Only very rarely in any sport does the women’s record exceed the men’s record.
A truly outstanding feat.
Simpson
– 1937.
The next list was first published in a Mountaineering club journal
– The
Wayfarers Club was founded in 1906 in Liverpool and continues to this
day, whilst a national club it still have a strong base of members from
Merseyside and the North West. Little is known about Simpson but he was also a
member of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club of the English Lake District, in its
50th Journal published in 1956 he is listed as “Custodian of the
Latern Slides” between 1936 and 1956 and wrote the first article in this
anniversary Journal “The First Fifty Years” (pp233-263), a worthy read of the
history of this esteemed club and the Lake District.
Simpson was the first person to use the coloured Popular Edition
of the Ordnance Survey Map, This was the first map series to use 50 foot contours.
Simpson identified 225 summits within the Lake District over 2,000 foot in
height with at least one full contour circle.
The detailed research by Simpson was followed up by Ted Moss by
producing the equivalent list for the rest of England in 1939 and for Wales in
1940 with further additions post the Second World War in 1952 and 1954.
Combining the Simpson and Moss lists together one had the first comprehensive
list of Mountains in England & Wales over 2,000 feet.
The 1952 update by Ted Moss in the Rucksack Club Journal included
one additional summit in the Lake District – Lad Stones (now known as Lad
Stones North Top) following the identification of a 2,100+ contour ring –
included in lists as a Moss summit but more correctly should be the 226th
Simpson summit.
Wainwright –
1955, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962,
1964, 1966
One name above all others has become associated with walking in
the Lake District: A. Wainwright, whose seven-volume Pictorial Guide to the
Lakeland Fells, first published in 1955–66, has become the definitive
guidebook. Wainwright’s meticulously hand-drawn maps, diagrams and drawings
take you up the 214 principal hills and mountains of the Lake District,
describing the main routes of ascent from different starting points, as well as
lesser-known variants, showing the summit viewpoint panoramas and the ridge
routes that can be made to create longer walks.
In 1955 the first of seven volumes of A. Wainwright’s “A Pictorial
Guide to the Lakeland Fells” was published by Henry Marshall of Kentmere. Book
1 ‘The Eastern Fells’ introduced the format of a chapter on each of the 35
Fells identified by Wainwright in the area.
I’m pretty certain that Wainwright himself never intended his
Pictorial Guides to result in a Hillbagging List of 214 summits (there is no
overall list or index for the Fells) and his identified Fells is purely a
subjective list of his own personal highlights within Lakeland – there is no
set height or prominence criteria used.
Wainwright’s Pictorial Guide work was completed in 1966 with the
publication of Book 7 ‘The Western Fells’ and his final summit of Starling
Dodd.
Between 2005 and 2009 a Second Edition was published with a
comprehensive programme of revision by Chris Jesty.
A Third Edition is now in course of publication with a sub title
of Walkers Edition. This time the task of updating Wainwright’s work has fallen
to Clive Hutchby. Books 1-6 have now
being published in this Walkers Edition with Book 7 due out in June 2020.
Poucher
– 1960
William Arthur Poucher (1891–1988), known as Walter, a nickname he
acquired during his Army service, was one of the leading British mountain
photographers and guidebook writers during and following World War II. He
personally explored and photographed all the routes he describes in his famous
mountain guides, so that users could be assured of correct directions. He
joined the Royal Photographic Society in 1940 achieving Associateship in 1941
and Fellowship (FRPS). He was awarded Honorary Fellowship in 1975.
His guides followed those of the Abraham Brothers in being
exhaustively illustrated with the author's own photographs (usually in black
and white).
Each guide includes a list of the principal peaks of the region
and the relevant guidebook here is The Lakeland Peaks (1960). With no defined criteria it lists 116 peaks in
Lakeland.
The guide is spilt into geographic groups with route descriptions
for each summit. His habit of drawing the route of ascent in white on the
photograph was helpful for route-finding. Landmarks are important for
route-finding, especially where paths are indistinct, and he advises on
important features to look for on the paths he describes including cairns,
standing stones, bothies, distinctive rock formations, panoramas, views and
natural features such as cascades and waterfalls.
Poucher’s photographs adorn many others’ guidebooks as well as his
own such was the quality of his photography.
Wainwright Outlying Fells – 1974
The Outlying Fells of Lakeland is a follow up book written by
Alfred Wainwright, dealing with hills in and around the edge of the Lake
District.
It differs from the Pictorial Guides in that each of its 56
chapters describes a walk, sometimes taking in several summits, rather than a
single fell. This has caused some confusion on the part of authors attempting
to prepare a definitive list of peaks. The Outlying Fells do not form part of
the 214 hills generally accepted as making up the Wainwrights, but they are
included in Category 2B of the Hill Walkers Register maintained by the Long
Distance Walkers Association.
The list at the back of Wainwright's book contains 110 named fells
and summits. Close inspection shows seven of them to refer to other hills in
the list, while Newton Fell has two summits. The addition of the 12 nameless
summits brings the number of Wainwright's Outlying Fells to what is now the
generally accepted total of 116.
Griffin - 1978
In his introduction to his book ‘Freeman
of the hills’ Griffin describes Lakeland as “A magical wonderland of
beauty and adventure that will always be there”. So true.
This book describes Griffin’s summer of 1977 where he decided, at
the age of 66, to bag all the Mountains of the Lake District within a target
three month period. He actually achieved it with 27 walking days finishing on
Pillar Rock.
Griffin lists all 203 summits over 2,000 feet in an Appendix. This
list was derived from Francis Falkingham’s list of the 349 English Two Thousands
published in the 1966 Journal of the Gritstone Club. (See also Fryer 1984 below).
This book was written in the period of the UK’s transition from
Imperial to Metric and whilst he still used Imperial maps his introduction
mused as to what would define an English mountain once mapping was converted to
Metric. He correctly predicted that 600 metres would become the new threshold
between a hill and a mountain.
The introduction also described at length the ethos of exploring
every nook and cranny of the mountains including a challenge to traverse the
Lake District East/ West along the 09 grid which he believed to be the only
grid that avoided tarns and lakes.
Arthur Harry Griffin (15 January 1911 – 9 July 2004), usually
known in print as A. Harry Griffin, was a British journalist and mountaineer.
He is particularly remembered for his writing of rock-climbing in the Lake
District in the inter-war years, especially a group called 'The Coniston
Tigers'; for his long-running 'Lakeland Diary' column in The Guardian (spanning
a period of 53 years); and for having inspired, via these columns, and an
article in the Lancashire Evening Post, the rebirth of interest in the Bob
Graham Round.
Harry was born in Barrow-in-Furness at the south-west corner of
the Lake District. His father ran a decorating firm, and Harry was educated at
the local grammar school. By the age of 17 he was a cub reporter on the Barrow
Guardian. Inevitably, he soon gravitated to the hills. His first was Black
Combe.
His wartime service was as an intelligence officer. After the war
he returned and lived in Kendal.
He was friends with Alfred Wainwright but somewhat disapproved of
the damage to the fells that the popularity of Wainwright's guides could cause.
Book after book was to follow in celebration of his home hills. In
1961 came Inside The Real Lakeland. Two years later, In Mountain Lakeland, then
Pageant Of Lakeland (1966), The Roof Of England (1968), Still the Real Lakeland
(1970), Long Days In The Hills (1974), A Lakeland Notebook (1975), A Year In
The Fells (1976), Freeman Of The Hills (1978), Discovering Lakeland (A
Motorist's Guide) and Adventuring In Lakeland (1980), A Lakeland Mountain Diary
(1990) and The Coniston Tigers (1999).
The Map of Lakeland in ‘Freeman of the hills’ detailing all
the 203 Mountains was a sketch map by one A. Wainwright.
Mulholland
– 1983
These are part of a series of three self-published books by H
Mulholland on Lakeland, Wales and Ireland. Very similar to the Furth Munros
listing all summits over 3,000 feet with 8 in England and 15 in Wales.
Within the introductory commentary Mulholland notes “…Munro never
laid down a firm basis of defining a peak. A close study of the tables together
with the one inch to the mile map suggests generally a drop of 300 feet in all
directions for a Peak and 50 feet in all directions for a Top; with these
definitions…England [has] eight Tops”.
In addition to the usual four 3,000 feet Peaks, the four Tops are
Broad Crag, Ill Crag, Symonds Knott and Helvellyn Lower Man.
These are guidebooks with general information, detailed multiple
route descriptions and maps for each summit.
Fryer
– 1984
This is an unusual book by J.K. Fryer in that it is in the form of
a challenge which he called ‘All but One’
by ‘doing the tops’ as he described it, of all 202 Lake District summits
over 2,000 feet.
He was given a list of 203 tops including Pillar Rock which he
excluded from the challenge as it is a rock climb. I have it on good authority
that the list in question was taken from the Falkingham (1966) list and the 203
summits in the Lake District do exactly match each other.
The book is spilt into 26 Day routes each with a detailed step by
step route description and map.
Marsh/ sub-Marsh – 1987
Part of a set of four guides by Terry Marsh. The Lake Mountains in
two volumes first published in 1987, The Mountains of Wales and the Pennine
Mountains.
The first Guide Books to use a metric criteria of 600 metres in
height and a minimum of 30 metres of re-ascent, [but] including summits of
sufficient topographical merit with less re-ascent. Also included an appendix
of all other named summits over 600 metres with less than 30 metres re-ascent
(sub-Marsh).
Marsh’ research was based on 1:10,000 mapping conducted at the
Ordnance Survey offices in Southampton.
There are Route descriptions for each Mountain with photos by the
author.
Synge
– 1995
Synge's Lakeland Summits - Hills from the book 'The Lakeland
Summits' by Tim Synge: covers the whole of the Lake District national park
based on a height criteria of 300 metres plus and no drop definition. This is
the biggest individual hill bagging list for the Lake District with 647
summits.
This book is principally a Reference Guide, his Tables splits the
summits between separate Fells which have greater than 30 metre drop and Tops
with less than 30 metre drop. All are separately ranked by height order.
Note: this list is yet to be updated for the expansion of the
National Park in August 2016.
Drews – 1996
An excellent hard back guidebook entitled The Lakeland One Hundred
by John Drews describing 21 circular routes which encompass the 100 highest
peaks in the Lake District.
To arrive at his highest peaks Drews consulted with the National
Park Authority, The Royal Geographical Society and The British Mountaineering
Council to conclude “that there was only one accepted ruling” that a peak must
be 610 metres (2,000ft) or more above mean sea level, and have an ascent of at
least 15 metres. He therefore complied his list from John and Ann Nuttall’s
work on the English Mountains. I’m sure others in the Bagging community would
have alternative views on his conclusion.
There is a chapter for each of the 21 routes which were derided
from his rules: each route returning to the starting point, avoiding
backtracking as far as possible (only 5 miles out of 178 total miles) and
avoiding overlapping routes.
John Drews was born and raised in Clitheroe in the Ribble Valley.
By trade he was a motor vehicle repairer, bar manager and rock concert
promoter! But his first love was Mountains and Tarns. He is also the author of Lakeland
High Tarns.
An interesting footnote to his listing is a summit by the name of Flesk
at an altitude of 834 metres (2,736ft). On further investigation this is
nowadays commonly known as Crinkle Crags South Top (First Crinkle). Referring
back to the OS Six Inch mapping from the late 1800’s this is indeed it’s
correct name. I think we need a campaign to bring back the name of Flesk
for this summit.
FRCC-
1996 [under Parker, J. & Pickles, T.]
Hills from the book 'The Lakeland Fells' published by the Fell and
Rock Climbing Club of the English Lake District in 1996, edited by June Parker
and Tim Pickles, which seeks to identify all fells over 300 metres, with public
access and lying within the Lake District National Park.
Includes all 214 Wainwrights, several additional low prominence
high peaks, and all LDNP summits over 300m and P80m. Over 610m the effective
cutoff is P40m, with all but 11 of the 114 LDNP Hewitts anticipated (P610m /
P30m, published 1997), and 123 of the 171 LDNP Nuttalls (610m / P15m, published
1990) included. Castle Crag included by exception as less than 300 metres in
height.
Includes 17 of the Wainwright Outlying Fells.
Includes 139 route descriptions to bag all 244 summits.
Note: this list is yet to be updated for the expansion of the
National Park in August 2016.
Birkett
– 1998
A hill is classified as a Birkett if it is one of the 541 Lake
District fells described in Bill Birkett's book Complete Lakeland Fells. This
book, first published in 1994, described 129 walks taking in every hill over
1000 feet. There is no drop definition.
This book is the most comprehensive and detailed route reference
work on the Lakeland Fells. The region is divided into six geographic areas
with 129 circular walks and superbly supported by over 200 colour photos.
The Long Distance Walkers Association maintains a register of
people who have completed the Birketts. One of Birkett's peaks, Pillar Rock,
which is also classed as a Nuttall, but not a Wainwright, requires climbing
ropes and climbing equipment to summit.
Thomas William Birkett, but only ever called by his middle name,
as per family tradition, which was
always ‘Billy’ was born in May 1952 in the Lake District. His father was
a quarryman and his Mother let off half their house and cottage and also did
Bed & Breakfast for ‘holiday visitors’. Birkett grew up in Little Langdale
in the heart of the Lake District.
Bill Birkett describes himself as Rock Climber, Author, Photographer.
Part of the famous Birkett family of rock climbers. Bill Birkett is one of
Britain’s foremost mountain writers and photographers. A leading climber and
hill walker, and a former civil engineer, he has spent a lifetime exploring the
hills and wild places of the world.
His photography illustrates numerous publications and his own
books include the best selling Complete Lakeland Fells and Great British Ridge
Walks, Classic Treks of the World and his recent definitive guidebooks
Exploring The Lakes and Low Fells (Vols 1 and 2).
Fellranger
– 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2011, 2011, 2012, 2013 [under Richards, M.]
There are 227 Lakeland Fells described by Mark Richards in his
8-volume Lakeland Fellranger series, published by Cicerone. As of 2019 the list
of Fellranger summits now stands at 230, (previously 227 fells) while the
traditional Wainwrights list features 214 fell summits. While most of these are
also included within the Fellranger list, some minor Wainwright hills have been
discounted, while others found within the broader Lake District region have
been included.
The three additional fells now comprising the 230 'Fellranger's
summits are:
·
Winterscleugh (Bretherdale Common) -
471m/1545ft
·
Whinfell Beacon - 494m/1620ft
·
Grayrigg Forest - 494m/1621ft
The Lakeland Fellranger guides provide a comprehensive guide to
the fells of the English Lake District. Divided into regions, expanding on
Wainwright's method of classifying the Lake District, each book provides a
dedicated chapter covers each fell with a variety of routes.
Mark Richards' transition from full-time farmer to full-time
outdoor writer has been a gradual one. In 1973, with the direct encouragement
of Alfred Wainwright, he wrote his first walking guide to the Cotswold Way.
After moving to Cumbria and many years of dedicated research, completed his
Lakeland Fellranger series in 2013.
The Fellranger Series is now being superseded by Walking the Lake
District Fells, which sees the volumes updated and trimmed to a more practical
size. In doing so Richards has added three extra fells in the south east
extension area of the Lake District National Park taking the overall total to
230.
LaMPs
Lakeland Minor Prominences Summits
within the Lake District National Park with less
than 30m prominence and height generally exceeding 300 metres and considered to have
sufficient topographical merit. Originally idea from Rob Woodall and Phil
Cooper arising out of Birkett’s and Synge’s lists.
In addition to height and prominence
criteria, there must be some other feature of geographical and/or historic
merit. This may include:
• Good
viewpoints
• Monuments/Memorials
• Large
cairns (especially if marked on OS maps)
• Historical
features - tumulus, hill fort etc
• Impressive
crags or other natural features
• End
of ridges - lower than tops but better views maybe
• Distinctive
point i.e. if there are a number of similarly prominent bumps, none (or just
one if it has merit) should qualify
Full details available on the Harold
Street website:
http://www.haroldstreet.org.uk/waypoints/download/?list=LaMPs
Relative Wainwrights – 2011 [under Jackson, M.]
Mark Jackson's list of the Tumps (p30) of the Lake District over
1000ft as described in the LDWA's Hillwalkers' Register Annual Report 2011.
The Relative "Wainwrights" sees around 56 of
Wainwright's peaks deleted from the list as having less than 30m drop and the
promotion of around 59 'new' peaks (Tumps) with over 30m drop and above 1000
feet that never made Wainwrights
original list. There are only two of the new additions that don't feature as
either Birketts or Synges, namely: Oakhowe Crag (417m), High Rigg SE Top
(339m).
Full details available on the Harold Street website:
http://www.haroldstreet.org.uk/waypoints/download/?list=relative-wainwrights
The 1,040 Lake
District Summits - The Definitive List © - 2018
A comprehensive listing of all summits within the Lake District
National Park boundary. Part of the Definitive List Series of each National
Park of the UK and selected Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty created and
published by Ronnie Bowron.
The Definitive Lists provide a hill bagging challenge for those
who prefer to concentrate their bagging within the best landscapes of the UK.
To be included in The Definitive List a summit needs to appear on
any recognised Hill Bagging List. As such to appear within a Definitive List
series there is no topographic criteria and it is important to note that this
is an active list so will change as and when summits are added to other lists.
The Definitive List list available at:
http://www.haroldstreet.org.uk/waypoints/download/?area=ldnp
or
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1805294839716301/edit/
Bibliography
Birkett, Bill
1998, Complete Lakeland Fells, Harper Collins Willow, London. ISBN 0583322093
Definitive List [The] – The 1,040 Lake District Summits, accessed 1st
January 2019, <http://www.haroldstreet.org.uk/waypoints/download/?area=ldnp> or
<https://www.facebook.com/groups/1805294839716301/edit/>
Drews, John 1996, The Lakeland One Hundred,
Harper Collins Publishers, London. CIP CN 2074.
Fryer,
J.K. 1984, Climbing Lakeland Peaks,
The Dalesman Publishing Company Ltd, Clapham. ISBN 0 85206 767 4.
Furths, Scottish
Mountaineering Club, accessed 1st January 2019, <www.smc.org.uk/hills/hill-lists>
Griffin, A.H. 1978, Freeman of the hills, Robert Hale
Limited, London. ISBN 0 7091 7222 2.
Jackson,
M. 2011, ‘Relative Wainwrights’, LDWA's
Hillwalkers' Register Annual Report, 2011. ppxx-xx.
LaMPs 2019, Harold
Street website, accessed 1st January 2019, <http://www.haroldstreet.org.uk/waypoints/download/?list=LaMPs>
Marsh, T
1987, The Lake Mountains Book One, Hodder & Stoughton, London. ISBN
0-340-38786-6.
Marsh, T
1987, The Lake Mountains Book Two, Hodder & Stoughton, London. ISBN
0-340-41045-0.
Mulholland,
H 1983, Guide to Lakeland’s 3000-foot Mountains THE ENGLISH MUNROS,
Mulholland-Wirral, Little Neston. ISBN0 95077121 2 4.
Parker, J.
& Pickles, T. 1996, The
Lakeland Fells, The Fell and Rock Climbing Club and Ernest Press, Keswick.
ISBN 0-85028-039-7 [FRCC]
Poucher,
W.A. 1960, The Lakeland Peaks, Constable
& Co Ltd, London. ISBN 978 0 7112 2405 6.
Richards,
M. 2008, The Central Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4540 7
Richards,
M. 2008, The Near Eastern Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4541 4
Richards,
M. 2009, The Mid-Western Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4543 8
Richards,
M. 2009, The Southern Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4542 1
Richards,
M. 2011, The North-Western Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4545 2
Richards,
M. 2011, The Western Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4544 5
Richards,
M. 2012, The Northern Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4546 9.
Richards,
M. 2013, The Far Eastern Fells,
Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe. ISBN 978 1 8528 4547 6
Simpson,
F. H. F. 1937, ‘Concerning
Contours’, Wayfarer's Journal, No. 5 1937,
pp18-24.
Synge, T.
1995, The Lakeland Summits A survey of the fells of the Lake District
National Park, Sigma Press, Wilmslow, Cheshire. ISBN 1-85058-446-X.
Wainwright,
A. 1955, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells book 1 The Eastern Fells, Henry Marshall, Kentmere.
Wainwright,
A. 1957, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells book 2 The Far Eastern Fells, Henry Marshall, Kentmere.
Wainwright,
A. 1958, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells book 3 The Central Fells, Henry Marshall, Kentmere.
Wainwright,
A. 1960, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells book 4 The Southern Fells, Henry Marshall, Kentmere.
Wainwright,
A. 1962, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells book 5 The Northern Fells, Henry Marshall, Kentmere.
Wainwright,
A. 1964, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells book 6 The North Western Fells, Westmorland Gazette, Kendal.
Wainwright,
A. 1966, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells book 7 The Western Fells, Westmorland Gazette, Kendal.
Wainwright,
A. 1974, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland, Westmorland Gazette, Kendal.
Labels: Hillbagging, Lake District, Wainwright